書籍 - 英語教學雜誌 (過刊合訂本)

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基本 C++ 程式碼整理 (Basic C++ Notes)

Revised: 2023/4/11

基本 C++ 程式碼整理如下

Reference: I Horton, Ivor Horton's Beginning Visual C++ 2013 (Wiley 2014).


Main Function
. #include <cstring>     // For strlen() ans strcpy()
. #include <iostream>  // Basic input and output library
. #include <utility>      // Define a set of templates for operator functions; For operator overload templates
. using namespace std::rel_ops;  // The templates are defined in the std::rel_ops namespace
. #include "CandyBox.h"            // For class CBox and class CCandyBox
. using namespace std;                // Any name in std namespace


Header File
. #pragma once  // Prevent the file contents from being included in the source code more than once 

. #include "Box.h"                           // In inherited class CCandyBox 

. #include "CandyBox.h"                // For CBox and CCandyBox

. class CCandyBox : public CBox  // In inherited class CCandyBox; private CBox or CBox

. explicit CBox(double side) : m_Length {side}, m_Width {side}, m_Height {side} {}  // Specific constructor

. #include <fstream>

      ofstream myfile;  // Write

      myfile.open ("example.txt");

      myfile << "Writing this to a file.\n";

      myfile.close()

. #include <fstream> 

  #include <string>

  string line;

  ifstream myfile("example.txt");  // Read

  while (getline(myfile, line))

  {

  cout << line << '\n';

  }

  myfile.close();

#include <iostream>

  int number;  // Or int number = int();

  cout << "Enter a number: ";

  cin >> number;

  cout << "The number is: " << number << endl;

#include <fstream>  // Output with file (file stream 的縮寫)

ofstream myfile;

ofstream myfile1;

myfile.open("data.txt");

myfile1.open("rate.txt");

myfile << x << endl;

myfile1 << y << endl;

Basic Commands
. log(x)           // Natural logarithm of x

. log10(x)       // Logarithm of x

. exp(5.0)       // = 148.413159

. abs(-1.0)      // = 1

  fabs(-1.0)     // = 1

. acos(-1.0)    // = pi

. sqrt(143.0)  // = 11.9583

. pow(5.0, 3)  // = 125

. \                  // Backslash as a line continuation character
      a = 1.0 + 2.0;
      or
      a = 1.0 + \
            2.0;

. logical operators: &&, ||, !

. system("pause")  // Pause

. if
       for ()

       {

           if ()

          {

              statement 1;

              statement 2;

          }

       }

      if (i > 7) x = 6;


      // 大於等於2行時, 需加大括號{}
      if (j % 2 == 0)  // j is even
      {    K2 = K2 + Q;

            K3 = K3 + P;
       }

       else                  // j is odd

      {    K3 = K3 + Q;

            K4 = K3;

       }

      // 1行時, 毋需加大括號{}

      if (j % 2 == 0)  // j is even

          K2 = K2 + Q;
      else                  // j is odd
          K3 = K3 + Q;

      if (i == 0 || i == n)
          J1 = J1 + L; 
      else if (i % 2 == 0)
          J2 = J2 + L;
      else           
          J3 = J3 + L;

. for
      for (int i{0}; i <= n - 1; i++)  // or int i{}

. switch
      switch(dice)
      {
          case 1: cout << pstr << pstr1;
                      a = 1.0;
                      break;
          case 2: cout << pstr << pstr2;
                      break;
          case 3: cout << pstr << pstr3;
                      break;
          case 4: cout << pstr << pstr4;
                      break;
          case 5: cout << pstr << pstr5;
                      break;
          case 6: cout << pstr << pstr6;
                      break;       
          default: cout << "Sorry, you haven't got a lucky star.";

      }

. return
  (1) ok
        if (FP == 0.0 || ((b - a) / 2.0) < tol)
           return p;  // Output p; procedure completed successfully
  (2) ok
        if (FP == 0.0 || ((b - a) / 2.0) < tol)
        {
           return p;  // Output p; procedure completed successfully
        }  
  (3) ok
        if (FP == 0.0 || ((b - a) / 2.0) < tol)
       {
            cout << "Root: " << p << endl;
           return p;  // Output p; procedure completed successfully
       }
 (4) failed
       if (FP == 0.0 || ((b - a) / 2.0) < tol)
      {}
      return p;  // Output p; procedure completed successfully
 (5) failed
       if (FP == 0.0 || ((b - a) / 2.0) < tol)
           cout << "Root: " << p << endl;
          return p;  // Output p; procedure completed successfully

. to comment-out (multi-line comments)
   /*
   cout << "The message is disabled" << endl;
  */

. 變動的檔名

#include <iostream>

#include <fstream> // Output with file

#include <string>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

std::string HistoryFilename = "temperature (n=" + std::to_string(0.5) + ")";

ofstream myfile;

myfile.open(HistoryFilename + ".txt");

myfile << 123 << endl;

myfile.close();

return 0;

}

Chapter 9 Class Inheritance and Virtual Functions

第 9 章基本 C++ 程式碼整理如下

Reference: I Horton, Ivor Horton's Beginning Visual C++ 2013 (Wiley 2014).

9.1 Object-Oriented Programming Basics

9.2 Inheritance in Classes
∎ Deriving classes form a base class
Ex9_01.cpp (main function; #include "CandyBox.h")
CandyBox.h (derived class; #include "Box.h"; class CCandyBox : CBox)
Box.h (base class; class CBox)


9.3 Access Control under Inheritance
∎ Accessing private members of the base classclass
CCandyBox : public CBox vs. CBox (or private CBox)

∎ The function members defined in the derived class cannot access the private date members of a base class. To access the private members of the base class, one has to move the function "double volume() const" from the derived class to the base class.

∎ Constructor operation in a derived class
CCandyBox(double lv, double wv, double hv, const char* str = "Candy") : CBox {lv, wv, hv}  // 1
explicit CCandyBox(const char* str = "Candy")  // 2

∎ The access level of inherited class member

9.4 The Copy Constructor in a Derived Class
∎ The copy constructor in a derived class (Ex9_05)
CCandyBox(const CCandyBox& initCB) vs. CCandyBox(const CCandyBox& initCB) : CBox{initCB}  // All copy constructors in both header files have to be called


9.5 Preventing Class Derivation
∎ Modifier "final"

9.6 Class Members as Friends


9.7 Virtual Functions
∎ Using an inherited function: early binding (Ex9_06)
myBox.showVolume();           // Call the volume() function in Box.h
myGlassBox.showVolume();  // Still call the volume() function in Box.h, not the one in GlassBox.h 

∎ Fixing the CGlassBox: late binding (Ex9_07)
virtual double volume() const  // Box.h
virtual double volume() const  // GlassBox.h; don't forget to specify volume() as const, otherwise you won't override the base function

∎ Ensuring correct virtual function operation (Modifier "override")
virtual double volume() const override  // The keyword "const" still cannot be omitted, however

∎ Preventing function overriding (Modifier "final)
virtual double volume() const final        // If you don't want this volume() function to be overridden

∎ Points to base and derived classes (Ex9_08)
CBox myBox{ 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 };                    // Define a base box
CGlassBox myGlassBox{ 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 };  // Define derived box of same size
CBox* pBox{};              // A pointer to base class objects
pBox = &myBox;           // Set pointer to address of base object
pBox->showVolume();   // Display volume of base box
pBox = &myGlassBox;  // Set pointer to derived class object

pBox->showVolume();   // Display volume of derived box

∎ Using references with virtual functions (Ex9_09)
output(myBox);           // Output volume of base class object
output(myGlassBox);  // Output volume of derived class object

void output(const CBox& aBox)  // Accept an object of any class derived from CBox as an argument
{
    aBox.showVolume();
}

∎ An abstract class (Ex9_10)
// Container.h
virtual double volume() const = 0;  // No content; pure virtual function in the abstract base class


// Main.cpp
// Pointers to abstract base class, initialized with address of CBox object or CCan object
CContainer* pC1{ new CBox{ 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 } };
CContainer* pC2{ new CCan{ 6.5, 3.0 } };

pC1->showVolume();  // Output the volumes of the two objects ...
pC2->showVolume();  // ... pointed to

delete pC1;  // Clean up ...
delete pC2;  // ... the free space

∎ More than one level of inheritance (Ex9_11)
// Class CGlassBox is derived from its direct base class CBox and indirect base class CContainer
// Inheritance & Constructor (GlassBox.h)
class CGlassBox : public CBox          
CGlassBox(double lv, double wv, double hv) : CBox{ lv, wv, hv } {}
  

∎ Calling the wrong destructor (Ex9_12) 



9.8 Casting between Class Types
∎ 


9.9 Nested Classes
∎ 


9.10 Summary
∎ 

利用 MS Excel 的 Solver 進行曲線擬合 (Curve Fitting Using Excel Solver)

當我們進行數據分析時，常常碰到「找最佳參數值」的狀況。以下介紹如何利用 Microsoft Excel 內建的 Solver (規劃求解)，快速完成黏度曲線擬合。

擬合公式為 Carreau-Yasuda 模型

(1)

此模型有五個參數，分別為 η_∞、η_0、λ、a、n，實驗數據如 Fig. 1 的黑色圓點。經使用 Excel Solver 求解後，可以得到 Fig. 1 的紅色曲線 (五個參數的最佳擬合值可見 Fig. 2 之結果)。對細節有興趣者，可參考文件 https://pages.mtu.edu/~fmorriso/cm4650/Using_Solver_in_Excel.pdf。

Figure 1

Figure 2

(註：在啟用規劃求解功能前，需至 Excel 的增益集新增該功能)

書籍 - 旋元佑英文字彙

字源大挪移一書由英文魔法師旋元佑所著的字彙書 (4 CDs)，約在 10 年前就絕版了，書中以字首、字根、字尾分門別類，有系統地逐一介紹，以幫助記憶 (學單字這樣背就對了!)。

好消息是，在今年年底，該書又重新出版，書名為旋元佑英文字彙。維持原來的風格以字首、字根分類，也拆成通用學術字彙、托福 TPO 字彙兩部分。另一個新增的特色為，針對例句中的搭配詞，作者使用底線標註，方便讀者記憶。此書已可於博客來訂購 (另有旋元佑文法書，也是再版)，書中的例句 MP3 免費下載網址 https://www.jwbooks.com.tw/DL/。

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